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Pyruvate
Description: Pyruvate is created by the body during the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. It is formed by the body during digestion, and can also be found in several foods (see below).
Pyruvate appears to improve endurance during exercise.1 It also appears to act as an antioxidant.2
Pyruvate appears to aid weight loss.3 Supplementation appears to enhance weight loss in adults who are eating a low-fat diet.4 It is suspected that pyruvate works by increasing the body’s resting metabolic rate (the amount of energy used by the body when at rest).5

Natural Sources: Apples (Red only), Cheese, Dark Beers, Red Wine.

Useful in treatment of: weight loss.

Recommended Dosage: 30 grams daily.

Contraindications: May cause gas, bloating, or diarrhea.

References:

1Stanko RT, Robertson RJ, Spina RJ, et al. Enhancement of arm exercise endurance capacity with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. J Appl Phys 1990;68(1):119–24.
2Cicalese L, Lee K, Schraut W, et al. Pyruvate prevents ischemia-reperfusion mucosal injury of rat small intestine. Am J Surg 1996;171:97–101.
3Stanko RT, Tietze DL, and Arch JE. Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a 4.25-MJ/d low-energy diet supplemented with pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56(4):630–5.
4Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, et al. Pyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diety: Effects on plasma lipid concentration and body composition in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:423–7.
5Ivy JL, Cortez MY, Chandler RM, et al. Effects of pyruvate on the metabolism and insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:331–7.
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